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PICO is a format for developing a good clinical research question prior to doing research. It is a mnemonic used to describe the four elements of a good clinical foreground question (This explanation taken from Yale University's Cushing/Whitney Medical Library)
P--Patient
I--Intervention
C--Comparison
O--Outcome
Element of the clinical question |
Patient Describe as accurately as possible the patient or group of patients of interest |
Intervention (or cause, prognosis) What is the main intervention or therapy you wish to consider? |
Comparison (optional) Is there an alternative treatment to compare? |
Outcome What is the clincial outcome, including a time horizon if relevant? |
Example | In patients with acute bronchitis, | do antibiotics | none | reduce sputum production, cough or days off.? |
Example | In children with cancer | what are the current treatments | in the management of fever and infection? | |
Example | Among family-members of patients undergoing diagnostic procedures | does standard care, | listening to tranquil music, or audiotaped comedy routines |
make a difference in the reduction of reported anxiety.
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